2022 Porsche Taycan Safety Report
2022 Porsche Taycan Safety Report
Safety Decision Cockpit for the 2022 Porsche Taycan
This page is the hub for deciding what to inspect next on the 2022 Porsche Taycan. It connects recall campaigns, owner complaint patterns, service bulletins, sibling model years, component issue hubs, and the model buying guide so a shopper or owner can move from a single report into the wider safety graph.
| Signal | Value | What to inspect next |
|---|---|---|
| Recall burden | High (12) | Review campaign numbers, affected components, and dealer remedies below. |
| Owner complaints | Moderate (76) | Scan complaint narratives for recurring symptoms, mileage, crashes, fires, injuries, and dates. |
| Crash and fire reports | 4 | Treat any crash, fire, injury, or fatality-linked pattern as a priority pre-purchase inspection item. |
| Primary component hub | Electrical System | Compare electrical system issues across vehicles. |
| Cleaner nearby model year | 2024 | Compare against the 2024 Porsche Taycan with 8 complaints and 6 recalls. |
| Riskier nearby model year | 2020 | Check the 2020 Porsche Taycan before buying across this generation. |
Porsche Taycan Year-by-Year Comparison
The safest purchase decision usually comes from comparing neighboring model years, not reading a single page in isolation. The table below uses only validated Porsche Taycan years already present in the cleaned NHTSA dataset, so each comparison links to a real vehicle safety report rather than a generated combination.
| Model Year | Complaints | Recalls | Use case |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 Porsche Taycan | 16 | 11 | Compare as a potentially cleaner alternative. |
| 2021 Porsche Taycan | 69 | 21 | Compare as a potentially cleaner alternative. |
| 2024 Porsche Taycan | 8 | 6 | Compare as a potentially cleaner alternative. |
| 2020 Porsche Taycan | 80 | 12 | Inspect as a potentially higher-complaint year. |
2022 Porsche Taycan Complaint Theme Map
Complaint counts become more useful when they are grouped into inspection themes. For the 2022 Porsche Taycan, these are the component areas with the clearest NHTSA complaint signals. Use each link to jump from this single vehicle into broader component hubs and make-specific issue pages.
Electrical System
17 owner complaints mention this component in the current safety profile.
All Electrical System issues Porsche onlyPower Train
10 owner complaints mention this component in the current safety profile.
All Power Train issues Porsche onlyUnknown Or Other
7 owner complaints mention this component in the current safety profile.
All Unknown Or Other issues Porsche onlyEngine
3 owner complaints mention this component in the current safety profile.
All Engine issues Porsche onlyPower Train,Electrical System
3 owner complaints mention this component in the current safety profile.
All Power Train,Electrical System issues Porsche onlyBack Over Prevention
3 owner complaints mention this component in the current safety profile.
All Back Over Prevention issues Porsche onlyAI Safety Analysis for the 2022 Porsche Taycan
Reliability Score
The 2022 Porsche Taycan receives a reliability score of 87 out of 100 based on analysis of NHTSA complaint data, recall history, crash reports, and safety ratings. This indicates above-average reliability relative to comparable vehicles.
Known Issues for the 2022 Porsche Taycan
The following issues have been identified from NHTSA complaint data and owner reports for the 2022 Porsche Taycan:
| Issue | Severity | Frequency | Typical Mileage |
|---|---|---|---|
| High-Voltage Traction Battery Porsche is recalling certain 2021-2024 Taycan vehicles due to issues with the high-voltage traction battery and propulsion system, which can lead to sudden loss of propulsion or 'turtle mode'. |
High | Rare | 30k-60k miles |
| Electrical System And Software Porsche is recalling certain 2020-2023 Taycan vehicles due to electrical system and software issues, which can cause various malfunctions. |
Medium | Common | 20k-50k miles |
| Front Service Brakes Porsche is recalling certain 2020-2025 Taycan vehicles due to front service brake issues, which can affect the vehicle's braking performance. |
Medium | Common | 20k-50k miles |
| Surround View/Backup Camera System Beginning around 45,000 miles, the surround view/backup camera system in the 2022 Porsche Taycan began experiencing recurring failures. |
Low | Rare | 45k-60k miles |
Common Problems Reported by Owners
Based on NHTSA complaint data, the following components account for the majority of reported issues with the 2022 Porsche Taycan:
Issues with the high-voltage traction battery and propulsion system can lead to sudden loss of propulsion or 'turtle mode'.
Electrical system and software issues can cause various malfunctions.
Front service brake issues can affect the vehicle's braking performance.
Surround view/backup camera system failures can occur after 45,000 miles.
Recall Details for the 2022 Porsche Taycan
The following 12 recalls have been issued for the 2022 Porsche Taycan by NHTSA:
Summary: Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling certain 2019-2025 Cayenne, Cayenne E-Hybrid, 2020-2025 911, Taycan, 2024-2025 Panamera, and 2025 Panamera E-Hybrid vehicles. The rearview camera image may not display when the vehicle is placed in reverse. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 111, "Rear Visibility."
Consequence: A rearview image that does not display properly reduces the driver's view behind the vehicle, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy: Dealers will update the driver assistance software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed February 13, 2026. Owners may contact Porsche customer service at 1-800-767-7243. Porsche's number for this recall is ASB2. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall will be searchable on NHTSA.gov beginning January 19, 2026.
Summary: Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling certain 2022-2023 Taycan vehicles. An occupant classification system error may deactivate the front passenger air bag.
Consequence: An air bag that fails to deploy during a crash increases the risk of injury.
Remedy: Dealers will replace the front passenger seat cushion, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed November 24, 2025. Owners may contact Porsche customer service at 1-800-767-7243. Porsche's number for this recall is ASA2.
Summary: Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling certain 2021-2024 Taycan vehicles. The high-voltage battery may experience a short circuit within the battery module.
Consequence: A short circuit in a high-voltage battery increases the risk of a fire.
Remedy: Dealers will install advanced diagnostic software as the final remedy, anticipated to be available in the first quarter of 2025. Porsche will monitor available online vehicle data and contact owners as necessary, to advise them to only charge the vehicle to 80% capacity until the battery can be replaced. For vehicles in which online data is unavailable, dealers will perform a diagnostic test and...
Summary: Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling certain 2020-2023 Taycan vehicles. The high-voltage battery may experience a short circuit within the battery module.
Consequence: A short circuit in a high-voltage battery increases the risk of a fire.
Remedy: Owners are advised to only charge their vehicles to a maximum of 80% battery capacity until the repair has been completed. Dealers will replace the affected modules in the high-voltage battery, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed November 22, 2024. Owners may contact Porsche customer service at 1-800-767-7243. Porsche's number for this recall is ARB5. This recall expands pr...
Summary: Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling certain 2020-2025 Taycan vehicles. The front brake hoses can develop cracks and leak brake fluid.
Consequence: A brake fluid leak can reduce braking performance and extend the distance required to stop, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy: Dealers will replace the front brake hoses, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on January 29, 2025. Owners may contact Porsche customer service at 1-800-767-7243. Porsche's number for this recall is ARB0.
Summary: Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling certain 2021-2024 Taycan, 2020-2024 Taycan 4S, Taycan Turbo, 2021-2023 Taycan 4 Cross Turismo, 2022-2023 Taycan 4S Cross Turismo, Taycan Turbo S Cross Turismo, 2023 Taycan Turbo Cross Turismo, 2022-2024 Taycan GTS, Taycan GTS Sport Turismo, and 2020-2023 Taycan Turbo S vehicles. The high-voltage battery may experience a short circuit within the battery modules.
Consequence: A short circuit in the battery increases the risk of a fire.
Remedy: Owners are advised to only charge their vehicles to a maximum of 80% battery capacity until the repair has been completed. Dealers will analyze the battery data and replace the high-voltage battery modules as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on October 9, 2024. Owners may contact Porsche customer service at 1-800-767-7243. Porsche's number for this recall is ARA...
Summary: Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling certain 2021-2023 Taycan, Taycan 4 Cross Turismo, 2020-2023 Taycan 4S, Taycan Turbo S, 2021-2022 Taycan 4S Cross Turismo, 2022 Taycan Turbo S Cross Turismo, 2022-2023 Taycan GTS, 2023 Taycan GTS Sport Turismo, and 2020-2021 Taycan Turbo vehicles. The high-voltage battery may experience a short circuit within the battery modules.
Consequence: A short circuit in the battery increases the risk of a fire.
Remedy: Owners are advised to only charge their vehicles to a maximum of 80% battery capacity until the repair has been completed. Dealers will replace the affected modules in the high-voltage battery, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on October 8, 2024. Owners may contact Porsche customer service at 1-800-767-7243. Porsche's number for this recall is ARA4.
Summary: Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling various models and model years. Please see the recall report for a list of the included vehicles. When using the industrial 220V/240V plug at the 100% charge setting, some home power outlets may be incapable of handling the electrical current required to utilize the compact charging system, causing the outlet or charging cable to overheat.
Consequence: An overheated outlet or charging cable can increase the risk of a fire.
Remedy: Owners are advised not to use the 220V/240V compact/portable charging cable and only use the 110V home charging cable or public charging stations. Dealers will supply a new 220V/240V compact/portable charging cable with an incorporated temperature sensor, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on October 24, 2024. A second notice will be sent once remedy parts become available, a...
Summary: Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling certain 2021-2023 Porsche Taycan, 2021-2022 Taycan 4S, Taycan Turbo S, Taycan Turbo, Taycan 4 Cross Turismo, Taycan 4S Cross Turismo, Taycan Turbo Cross Turismo, 2022 Taycan GTS, and Taycan GTS Sport Turismo vehicles. The high-voltage battery may experience a short circuit within the battery modules.
Consequence: A short circuit in the battery increases the risk of a fire.
Remedy: Dealers will inspect and repair the high-voltage battery by replacing modules as necessary, free of charge Owner notification letters were mailed on June 14, 2024. Owners may contact Porsche customer service at 1-800-767-7243. Porsche's number for this recall is APB5.
Summary: Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling certain 2020-2022 Taycan vehicles. An incorrect warning indicator with an incorrect color is displayed in the instrument cluster when notifying owners of worn brake pads. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard numbers 135, "Light Vehicle Brake Systems," and 101, "Control and Displays."
Consequence: An incorrect warning indicator may be misinterpreted and result in driving on worn brake pads with reduced brake performance, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy: Dealers will update the software for the instrument cluster, free of charge. Owner notification letters are expected to be mailed July 14, 2023. Owners may contact Porsche's customer service at 1-800-767-7243. Porsche's number for this recall is APA5.
Summary: Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling certain 2020 Taycan Turbo, 2021 Taycan, Taycan 4S Cross Turismo, 2022 Taycan, Taycan Turbo, Taycan GTS, Taycan 4 Cross Turismo, Taycan 4S Cross Turismo, 2020-2022 Taycan 4S and Taycan Turbo S, and 2023 Taycan vehicles. When there is an unbelted passenger, the seat belt warning light and audible chime will not activate as intended. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number ...
Consequence: A malfunctioning seat belt warning system may not alert the passenger to buckle their seat belt, increasing the risk of injury in the event of a crash.
Remedy: Dealers will update the instrument cluster software, free of charge. Owner notification letters are expected to be mailed May 16, 2023. Owners may contact Porsche's customer service at 1-800-767-7243. Porsche's number for this recall is APA2.
Summary: Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling certain 2020-2022 Taycan vehicles. A software error could cause the center screen (including rearview camera image) and the touch control panel remain to black directly after the ignition is activated. Also, the Real-Top-View (including rearview camera image) could display a flickering image. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 111, "Rear Visibility."
Consequence: A malfunctioning center screen or touch control panel may obstruct the driver's view of camera assisted driving functions, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy: Dealers will install new software, free of charge. Owner notification letters are expected to be mailed August 5, 2022. Owners may contact Porsche's customer service at 1-800-767-7243. Porsche's number for this recall is ANA6.
NHTSA Complaint Summaries for the 2022 Porsche Taycan
Below are complaint narratives filed by owners of the 2022 Porsche Taycan with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2 complaints involved crashes. 2 involved fires. 1 reported injuries or fatalities.
This incident is related to the ARB7/24V-732 recall, first communicated to me in November, 2024 and again in July, 2025. The July, 2025 letter states that software would be installed in the vehicle to test the health of my vehicle's battery, at a Porsche Center. I believe that this was actually performed over-the-air at my home. It's my guess that because the software was installed over-the-air,...
I am reporting a safety defect involving (1) sudden loss of propulsion (“turtle mode”/limp mode) while accelerating/merging into traffic and (2) unintended steering movement while driver-assist/lane centering was active (vehicle jerked toward adjacent lane and off roadway). These events create an immediate crash risk. The vehicle has also had repeated charging-related overheating/charging stoppage...
Within a few days of a rain event, I start getting errors involving the lane keep assist, automatic, emergency, breaking, forward collision, warning system, lane departure assist, headlight control unit. God has been taken to the dealership three times in the last six months for this problem and it keeps coming back. This is a safety issue and I don’t feel comfortable taking the car out for a driv...
The vision. Are no good and the ears
The contact owns a 2022 Porsche Taycan. The contact received notification of NHTSA Campaign Number: 25V221000 (Air Bags). The contact called a dealer about the recall and was advised that there was no part yet available for the recall repair. The contact called the manufacturer and was provided with similar information. The contact stated that there was a failure, but did not feel safe while a pas...
On 9/18/2025, while driving at approximately 45 mph on a busy road called Hualapai in Las Vegas, Nevada, my Porsche Taycan suddenly displayed “Electrical system error – Park vehicle in a safe place”. The car immediately slammed to a stop in live traffic. I heard a loud thump from the front end as this occurred. I was nearly hit by six cars swerving to avoid me in the rain. Gladly no one made conta...
Engine control error - Park vehicle in a safe space. This error occurred after pressing the accelerator pedal upon switching from Normal to Sport Plus drive mode. When coming to a stop, I tried to accelerate the car but it would jerk. I stopped, put my emergency signal on, turned off and on the car and the error went away.
Complaint Summary: The passenger-side airbag sensor in my 2022 Porsche Taycan GTS has been malfunctioning continuously since I purchased the car as a Certified Pre-Owned vehicle from Park Place Porsche Dallas. The car displays repeated warnings to “Contact your dealer for assistance,” and the passenger-side airbag has been confirmed as non-functional. Details of the Defect: Porsche has acknowledg...
Driving at 45 MPH, and suddenly the car lost the ability to accelerate. It has no power/torque. It seemed to be able to maintain the speed (but not entirely sure or if it was coasting). I had limited areas on the road to turn so took last possible turn to pull over. A shutdown/start corrected the situation. No warning lights or indicators of any kind appeared. Cannot reproduce, which makes thi...
Beginning around 45,000 miles, my 2022 Porsche Taycan began experiencing recurring failures in the surround view/backup camera system. One or more camera views will appear blank with a crossed-out camera icon. This affects the federally mandated rear backup camera as well as other viewing angles. The issue occurs intermittently but has become more frequent. The vehicle is available for inspection ...
My Porsche Taycan unexpectedly applies the brakes on its own while traveling at highway speeds and flashes a red warning message instructing me to take control of the steering wheel, even though both of my hands are already on the wheel. This is extremely dangerous because sudden braking at high speeds creates a major risk of rear-end collisions and loss of control. When It Occurs: This issue sta...
On April 14, 2025, I suffered an electric shock injury while using the Porsche Mobile Charger Plus (Part No. 9J1.971.675.AC; Model PMCPU96A) that came with my 2022 Porsche Taycan, purchased as a Certified Pre-Owned (CPO) vehicle on April 5, 2025, from Braman Porsche in Florida. The injury required emergency medical care and hospitalization. I continue to experience symptoms and am undergoing phys...
While waiting for light to turn green atba highway off raml, the car dash displayed two errors in quick succession and would not move. The errors were "Engine control error Park vehicle in a safe place" and "Electrical system error Restarting not possible, Service required". There was also an error about PSM, but I wasn't able to get a picture of it. I turned the car off and back on, which did no...
Session ID: [XXX] EA Case No: [XXX] Time of incident: [XXX] While DC fast charging my 2022 Porsche Taycan at an Electrify America station, I experienced a critical malfunction during cable disconnection. Upon unplugging, there was a visible spark, fire, and smoke on the car's charging port. The DC charge port showed heat damage, with melted pins that rendered it unusable. A Porsche dealer confirm...
I am filing a complaint regarding a serious design flaw in the Porsche Taycan that allows road debris and rocks to damage its radiator fans and cooling system, posing safety risks. The radiator fans are critical for thermal management in this electric vehicle, cooling the high voltage battery, power electronics, and motors to ensure safe operation, optimal performance, and battery longevity. Damag...
NHTSA campaign 24V732000 is a recall of 27,000 Porsche Taycans for high-voltage batteries may short circuit and increase risk of fire. For vehicles in Porsche campaign ARB6 for which online data is unavailable, owners are advised to have the recalled vehicles inspected and limit charging to 80%. In December 3, 2024, letter (attached) to UK Taycan owners of Taycans in ARB6, in addition to limitin...
While driving on the city streets, the vehicle would not accelerate properly. At a stop sign, when pressing the accelerator, the vehicle started to jerk forward slowly and would not accelerate properly. A turtle started to flash on the cluster display. Trying to get to a safe location, the vehicle kept jerking forward slowly while slowly increasing speed and flashing the turtle icon.
While driving on the freeway at 65 mph, the vehicle suddenly began to quickly decelerate. Pressing the accelerator pedal had no effect. The car behind me quickly swerved to avoid hitting me. I was able to maneuver the car onto the shoulder and very slowly exited the freeway. I noticed a warning light shaped like a turtle on the cluster display flashing. I stopped fully and turned off the vehi...
The Porsche EV Charger started an electrical fire in the wall of my garage while charging on May 21st 2024. The charger melted as a result. On the way to take my car to the dealership the dash became very hot to the touch as well. Fast forward to today, my car is still at the dealership. They have contacted me and asked me to pick it up and return my loaner car. They cannot however provide me...
I just contacted Porsche Customer Service and they told me that the replacement cables for the charger were available and my Porsche dealer could order me one. I went to Porsche Fresno and spoke to the service manager who said he had no information saying that these cables were available and if they were I would have gotten a letter from Porsche saying so. He also said that when they become availa...
Showing 20 of 76 complaints. Additional complaints are available via the NHTSA database.
Frequently Asked Questions About the 2022 Porsche Taycan
Has the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN been recalled?
Yes, the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN has 12 recalls on record with NHTSA. Each recall addresses a specific safety defect identified by the manufacturer or NHTSA.
How many complaints does the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN have?
The 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN has 76 complaints filed with NHTSA. Of these, 2 involved crashes. 1 injuries and 0 deaths have been reported.
What is the safety rating for the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN?
The 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN does not have an NHTSA safety rating on file. This can happen for newer model years, specialty vehicles, or models that have not been crash-tested.
What are the most common problems with the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN?
The most commonly reported problems with the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN involve electrical system (17 complaints), power train (10 complaints), unknown or other (7 complaints). Other affected components include engine, power train,electrical system, back over prevention.
How many crash reports does the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN have?
There are 2 crash reports associated with the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN out of 76 total complaints (2.6% of complaints involved crashes).
How many fire reports does the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN have?
There are 2 fire reports for the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN out of 76 total complaints. Fire reports are among the most serious safety concerns tracked by NHTSA.
Are there any deaths reported for the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN?
No deaths have been reported in NHTSA complaints for the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN.
How many injuries are reported for the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN?
1 injury has been reported in NHTSA complaints for the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN. These are self-reported by vehicle owners as part of their safety complaints.
Should I buy a 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN?
Based on NHTSA data, the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN is proceed with caution. It has 76 complaints, 12 recalls. Always have a pre-purchase inspection done by a qualified mechanic.
What components fail most on the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN?
The components with the most failures on the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN are: 1. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM (17 complaints), 2. POWER TRAIN (10 complaints), 3. UNKNOWN OR OTHER (7 complaints), 4. ENGINE (3 complaints), 5. POWER TRAIN,ELECTRICAL SYSTEM (3 complaints). ELECTRICAL SYSTEM is the single most-reported problem area with 17 complaints.
What should I know before buying a 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN?
Regularly check for recalls and maintain your 2022 Porsche Taycan to ensure safety and performance. The 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN has 76 NHTSA complaints and 12 recalls on record.
How reliable is the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN?
The 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN receives a reliability score of 87/100, indicating above-average reliability. This is based on 76 owner complaints, 12 recalls, and 4 crash/fire reports in the NHTSA database. Key known issues include High-Voltage Traction Battery and Electrical System and Software.
What are the known issues with the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN?
Known issues with the 2022 PORSCHE TAYCAN include: High-Voltage Traction Battery, Electrical System and Software, Front Service Brakes, Surround View/Backup Camera System. These are based on patterns found across 76 NHTSA complaints. 12 of these patterns resulted in formal recalls.
What are the common issues with the 2022 Porsche Taycan?
Common issues include high-voltage traction battery and propulsion system failures, electrical system and software malfunctions, front service brake issues, and surround view/backup camera system failures.
Are there any recalls for the 2022 Porsche Taycan?
Yes, Porsche is recalling certain 2021-2024 Taycan vehicles due to high-voltage traction battery and propulsion system issues, and certain 2020-2023 Taycan vehicles due to electrical system and software issues.
What should I do if I experience sudden loss of propulsion or 'turtle mode'?
If you experience sudden loss of propulsion or 'turtle mode', park the vehicle in a safe location and seek professional assistance.
Buyer Advice
Our recommendation: Regularly check for recalls and maintain your 2022 Porsche Taycan to ensure safety and performance.
NHTSA Data Summary for 2022 Porsche Taycan
This safety report is based on a comprehensive analysis of data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) for the 2022 Porsche Taycan. The data includes 76 consumer complaints filed by vehicle owners, 12 manufacturer-initiated safety recalls, 2 reported crashes, 2 fire incidents, 1 reported injuries, and safety rating assessments associated with this vehicle.
All data presented in this report is sourced from public NHTSA databases. Our AI analysis identifies patterns across complaint narratives, correlates them with recall history, and produces the safety assessment above. This analysis is updated as new complaints and recalls are filed with the NHTSA.
Consumers are encouraged to report vehicle safety problems to the NHTSA at nhtsa.gov. If your vehicle is subject to a recall, contact your dealer to schedule the free repair.
Disclaimer: This analysis is AI-generated from NHTSA public data and does not constitute professional automotive or safety advice. Always verify recall status at NHTSA.gov and consult a qualified mechanic.
Analysis last updated: 2026-05-16